The Twilight Saga 4 Breaking Dawn 16. Too-Much-Information Alert Free Essays

string(67) when the Cullens were gone___ need to remain with you, she told me. 16. An excessive amount of Information Alert I took off ahead of schedule, some time before dawn was expected. I’d gotten only a smidgen of uncomfortable rest inclining toward the side of the couch. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 16. An excessive amount of Information Alert or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Edward woke me when Bella’s face was flushed, and he took my spot to chill her back off. I extended and concluded I was refreshed enough to complete some work. â€Å"Thank you,† Edward said unobtrusively, seeing my arrangements. â€Å"If the course is clear, they’ll go today.† Tillet you know.† It felt great to return to my creature self. I was firm from sitting still for such a long time. I broadened my step, working out the crimps. Morning, Jacob,Leah welcomed me. Great, you’re up. How long’s Seth been out? Not out yet,Seth thought drowsily. Nearly there. What do you need? You think you got one more hour in you? Definitely. No problem.Seth got to his feet immediately, shaking out his hide. Let’s make the profound run,Itold Leah. Seth, take the border. Gotcha.Seth broke into a simple run. Off on another vampire errand,Leah protested. You got an issue with that? Obviously not. I simply love to indulge those dear parasites. Great. Let’s perceive how quick we can run. Alright, I’m unquestionably up forthat Leah was on the far western edge of the edge. As opposed to slice near the Cullens’ house, she adhered to the hover as she hustled around to meet me. I ran off straight east, realizing that even with the head start, she’d be passing me soon on the off chance that I relaxed for even a second. Nose to the ground, Leah. This isn’t a race, it’s a surveillance crucial. I can do both and still beat you down I gave her that one. know. She giggled. We took a twisting way through the eastern mountains. It wasa natural course. We’d run these mountains when the vampires had left a year back, making it part of our watch course to more readily ensure the individuals here. At that point we’d pulled back the lines when the Cullens returned. This was their settlement land. In any case, that reality would most likely make no difference to Sam now. The bargain was dead. The inquiry today was the means by which meager he was eager to spread his power. Is it accurate to say that he was searching for stray Cullens to poach on their property or not? Had Jared spoken reality or exploited the quiet between us? We got further and more profound into the mountains without any the pack. Blurring vampire trails were all over the place, yet the fragrances were recognizable at this point. I was breathing them in throughout the day. I founda substantial, to some degree late fixation on one specific path †every one of them traveling every which way here aside from Edward. Some purpose behind social affair that more likely than not been overlooked when Edward brought his perishing pregnant spouse home. I gritted my teeth. Whatever it was, it had nothing to do with me. Leah didn’t propel herself past me, however she could have now. I was giving more consideration to each new fragrance than I was to the speed challenge. She kept to my correct side, running with me as opposed to dashing against me. Were getting truly out of sight remarked. No doubt. On the off chance that Sam was chasing strays, we ought to have crossed his path at this point. Bodes well right now for him to fortification down in La Push,Leah thought. He knows we’re giving the bloodsuckers three additional arrangements of eyes and legs. He’s not going to have the option to astonish them. This was only an insurance, truly. Wouldn’t need our valuable parasites taking superfluous risks. Nope,I concurred, disregarding the mockery. You’ve changed so a lot, Jacob. Discussion around one-eighties. You’re not actually the equivalent Leah I’ve consistently known and adored, either. Valid. Am I less irritating than Paul now? Amazingly†¦ yes. Ok, sweet achievement. Well done. We ran peacefully again at that point. It was most likely an ideal opportunity to pivot, yet neither of us needed to. It felt ideal to run this way. We’d been gazing at a similar little hover of atrail for a really long time. It felt great to extend our muscles and take the rough territory. We weren’t in a tremendous rush, so I thought possibly we should chase in transit back. Leah was beautiful hungry. Yum, yum,she thought sharply. It’s all in your head,I advised her. That’s the manner in which wolves eat. It’s normal. It tastes fine. All things being equal from a human point of view †Disregard the motivational speech, Jacob. I’ll chase I don’t need to like it Certainly, sure,I concurred without any problem. It wasn’t my business on the off chance that she needed to make things harder for herself. She didn’t include anything for a couple of moments; I began pondering turning around. Say thanks to you,Leah out of nowhere let me know in a vastly different tone. For? For leaving me alone. For allowing me to remain. You’ve been more pleasant than I reserved any option to anticipate, Jacob. Er, no issue. In reality, I imply that. I don’t mind having you here like I figured I would. She grunted, however it was an energetic sound. What a gleaming recognition! Don’t let it go to your head. Alright †on the off chance that you don’t let this go to yours.She stopped for a second. think you make a decent Alpha. Not similarly Sam does, yet in your own specific manner. You’re worth after, Jacob. My brain went clear with shock. It took me one moment to recuperate enough to react. Er, much obliged. Not absolutely sure I’ll have the option to prevent that one from setting off to my head, however. Where did that originate from? She didn’t answer immediately, and I followed the silent course of her contemplations. She was pondering the future †about what I’d said to Jared a day or two ago. About how the time would be up soon, and afterward I’d return to the timberland. About how I’d guaranteed that she and Seth would come back to the pack when the Cullens were gone___ need to remain with you, she let me know. The stun shot through my legs, bolting my joints. She blew past me and afterward put on the brakes. Gradually, she strolled back to where I was stock still. won’t be an agony, I swear. I won’t chase after you. You can go any place you need, and I’ll go where I need. You’ll possibly need to endure me when we’re the two wolves. She paced to and fro before me, washing her long dark tail apprehensively. What's more, as I’m anticipating stopping when I can oversee it†¦ perhaps that won’t be so frequently. I didn’t recognize what to state. I’m more joyful now, as a piece of your pack, than I have been in years. I need to remain, too,Seth thought unobtrusively. I hadn’t acknowledged he’d been giving a lot of consideration to us as he ran the edge. like this pack. Hello, presently! Seth, this isn’t going to be a pack much longer.I attempted to assemble my contemplations so they would persuade him. We’ve got a reason now, yet when†¦ after that’s over, I’m simply going to go wolf. Seth, you need a reason. You’re a decent child. You’re the sort of individual who consistently has a campaign. Also, there’s no chance you’re leaving La Push now. You’re going to move on from secondary school and accomplish something with your life. You’re going to deal with Sue. My issues won't mess up your future. Be that as it may, †Jacob is rightLeah supported. You’re concurring with me? Obviously. Yet, none of that applies book. was on out at any rate. I’ll find a new line of work some place away from La Push. Possibly take a few courses at a junior college. Get into yoga and reflection to take a shot at my temper issues†¦. Also, remain a piece of this pack for my psychological prosperity. Jacob †you can perceive how that bodes well, correct? I won’t trouble you, you won’t trouble me, everybody is glad. I turned around and began loping gradually toward the west. This is excessive to manage, Leah. Let me consider it, ‘kay? Sure. Take as much time as is needed. It took us longer to make the run back. I wasn’t pursuing for speed. I was simply attempting to think enough that I wouldn’t blast through a tree. Seth was protesting a tad in the rear of my head, however I had the option to disregard him. He realized I was correct. He wasn’t going to desert his mother. He would return to La Push and secure the clan like he should. Be that as it may, I couldn’t see Leah doing that. What's more, that was outright startling. A pack of both of us? Regardless of the physical separation, I couldn’t envision the†¦ the closeness of that circumstance. I thought about whether she’d truly considered it, or on the off chance that she was only frantic to remain free. Leah didn’t state anything as I bit it over. It resembled she was attempting to demonstrate how simple it would be in the event that it was simply us. We ran into a crowd of dark followed deer similarly as the sun was coming up, lighting up the mists a smidgen behind us. Leah moaned inside however didn’t falter. Her lurch was perfect and productive †smooth, even. She brought down the biggest one, the buck, before the alarmed creature completely comprehended the threat. Not to be beaten, I plunged down on the following biggest deer, snapping her neck between my jaws rapidly, so she wouldn’t feel superfluous agony. I could feel Leah’s disturb warring with her craving, and I attempted to make it simpler for her by giving the wolf access me have my head. I’d experienced all-wolf for quite some time that I realized that how generally will be the creature totally, to see his direction and think his direction. I let the handy senses assume control over, letting her vibe that, as well. She delayed for a second, however at that point, probably, she appeared to connect with her brain and attempt to see my direction. It felt extremely bizarre †our psyches were more firmly connected than they had ever been previously, in light of the fact that we both were attempting to think together. Weird, however it made a difference

Social Performance of a Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Performance of a Company - Research Paper Example This is experienced on the grounds that the choice must be made by a gathering and not by a sole individual as it is done in different segments. All investors need to come into a resolution (Gunay 2008). Every partner in a company is qualified for do certain obligations in the organization. Representatives are qualified for handle the exercises and keep up an agreeable domain for making benefits. They are additionally qualified for settle on commitments in the dynamic since they are the person who have greater effect on the eventual fate of the company. Providers structure a functioning piece of partners, since the organization depends on them altogether for its redemption of its administrations to the objective market. The bank assumes the job of dealing with the enterprise bank’s account and the exchanges that the company take part during the time spent help conveyance. The bank additionally loans cash to the organization when the need emerges. Then again, the financial spec ialists are the most touchy piece of the partnership. This is on the grounds that they are the person who make a pool of assets to make the company run easily consistently. They are qualified for the creation of significant choices that decide the course of the partnership (Heath 2001). As indicated by Suleyman, the auxiliary partners are the gathering that doesn't legitimately influence the future endurance of the enterprise. The gathering isn't included straightforwardly to the company. The individuals from this gathering incorporate the media and other social offices. In spite of the fact that the company can't effectively perform without this gathering, its tasks are not influenced at all by these partners. The media is considered as a fundamental part by the enterprise for the commercials reason which consequently makes the commonality of the company to the objective market thus, acquiring more clients. Every single essential partner are viewed as straightforwardly identified w ith the accomplishment of the enterprise however their degree relies upon nature, these are interior and outer condition. The inward condition is worried about the day by day exercises and the future endurance of the company, while the outer elements have little impact to the partnership exercises (Heath 2001). Development of an alliance in the partnership is the rudiments to accomplish the future objectives set by the organization. Moral energy about the partners, regardless of their individual interests in the organization and formation of a stage where all partners will be counseled during the dynamic in the enterprise is one of the crucial procedures that we are focusing on. This will give the organization an additional bit of leeway that will go far to meet the objective set by the enterprise of having numerous people needing to put resources into the organization since their conclusions are tended to by the partnership and sooner or later executed by a similar company they hav e put resources into. It will likewise reinforce the alliance (Heath 2001). Considering the financial specialists perspective, a large number of the potential speculators have an elevation of pooling their assets towards a partnership that have a feeling of having a place with the general public. These are accomplished through the partnership taking an interest in the corporate social obligation. This urges more people to put resources into the c

Can Someone Write My Essay For Me?

Can Someone Write My Essay For Me?I am a writer and a college student, and I have an assignment that will be due on the tenth of this month. I've always been busy enough in my life, but this assignment seems to be a bit more difficult than any I've encountered in the past. I am unsure how to start this assignment, so I would like to ask some of the following questions for your consideration.How is the length of the essay? Is it going to be in a single-spaced, word-processing format or in a format that you have to retype? If it is going to be in Word, are there examples that are provided to help me? Are there things I will need to look up?I don't understand why these types of homework assignments are so difficult to complete. It seems so simple, just write your essay in a format that you know how to, and have it sent in and then return it to the school. Now that's not the way it works, but I would like to ask some of the following questions for your consideration.The way this writing assignment is being given out seems to be dictated by the district I live in. These are the people who make up the tasking boards in every school district, and these boards generally do not care what type of essay you are trying to write, as long as you give them an acceptable grade.As a result, a good portion of my friends who have gotten their essays back from the school district, do not have a high school diploma, which may be a problem if they try to take it up again, and/or attend college to get their degree. We've found that this assignment has become harder as time goes on. But I did find a little bit of advice that may help you with this assignment, if you haven't already gotten your answers.Everyone does not necessarily need to know what 'thesis statement' means. The teachers teach it for one reason, and they teach it because they need to use it in conjunction with how they rank the students. Now that's not to say that you don't need to know how to write it yourself, as man y people don't; they just need to know how to remember it and the best way to teach it to students.The last piece of advice I have for you, is to keep up your grades at college and in school, as that is the only way that you will get into college and hopefully get into the school of your choice. The essay is the first step towards getting into a good college, will get you into college, and then all of the other scholarships that will be offered to you.Just remember that it may take some time to get your grades up to where you want them to be, but eventually it will happen and you will get your homework taken care of. Remember the tips that I have given you, and I am sure that you will get your essay back with an acceptable grade.

The Theories And Beliefs Of The Enlightenment Era

The study of philosophy has existed since the beginning of time because of human curiosity. It fueled the minds of countless philosophers, all in pursuit of understanding the world through the five branches Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Politics, and Esthetics. Throughout the age’s different theories and beliefs of philosophers contributed to our current understanding of the world. During the different eras philosophical beliefs influenced events and documents of the time. The Enlightenment Era, often called the Age of Reason, brought about many astonishing works deliberating the nature of human beings. As times progressed to the age of Enlightenment the different ideas surfaced changing the way humans thought of themselves. Philosophers of the time believed in the essential goodness of human nature, this was based on the scientific and technological achievements. However, Rousseau claimed the development of civilization corrupted the natural goodness of humans. The bel iefs during the age of Enlightenment were presented that we are creatures with the ability to reason and human nature is essentially good, contributing many ideas. Each Philosopher of the Enlightenment Period with very different works; Diderot, Rousseau, and Voltaire largely impacted and influenced the world from the Enlightenment period to today across many spectrums. Through the Age of Reason beliefs developed about what humans believe of our nature. Diderot believed in the essential goodness ofShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of The Mind And Behavior Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesconventions as well as reject some of the major ideas of the Enlightenment, which was based on logic and reason. This new age of uncertainty began to challenge the core beliefs of the Enlightenment era. This new era came with exciting, unconventional ways of thinking and expression. Previous scientific beliefs were challenged by Sigmund Freud’s theories and previous ideologies of art were challenged by the various art movements of this era. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founderRead MoreThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift Within The Era1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift The Enlightenment era, between the 1500s and 1800s was a predominately intellectual movement that saw the development of new ideas, major changes in Church-State relations and scientific discoveries that are still fundamental today. Until the Renaissance and Reformation period the Church, from the ancient to medieval ages, had total domination. The Renaissance era set the ball rolling for the Enlightenment with the beginning of scientific inquiry and search forRead More Transitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods1675 Words   |  7 PagesTransitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were times of great emphasis on reason and questioning of faith. The scientists and philosophes of these eras discovered and taught new ideas that often contradicted what the church and former thinkers had taught and believed before them. Most of the intellectual, political, economic, and social characteristics associated with the modernRead MoreEssay on Candide1469 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 18th century, a new ideology began to take hold of Europe. It was during this time that a radical and critical revolution took place to bring about the use of rational thought and enlighten the people about their own beliefs and values; thus igniting the period of Enlightenment. In this period many people followed the teachings of their forefathers, such as Socrates, who was considered a figure of skepticism and rational thought. Challenging all views and theorems was the main point of this newRead MoreRo manticism Vs Transcendentalism795 Words   |  4 Pagesyour mind when hearing the word Transcendentalism? Politics in the Transcendental era were often disregarded, diverting one’s devotion to their own development. Transcendentalism can easily be compared to any other movement, some that may contrast, and some that may complement. Within the era of the growing movement, many arose to challenge the norms, bringing controversy with them. Transcendentalism, a theory that characterized by spiritual thinking, protected intuition from societal pressuresRead MoreOn Equianos Travels and the Enlightenment Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesOn Equianos Travels and the Enlightenment During the eighteenth century, an age of enlightenment fell upon the people of Europe. Across the continent, knowledge and discovery spread like wildfire. During this era, an overwhelming majority of middle-class citizens became literate, partaking in various forms of high culture previously reserved exclusively to the aristocracy. At the same time, while the age of Enlightenment produced prominent theorists, thinkers, and intellectual works, it also madeRead MoreThe 18th Century Enlightenment1487 Words   |  6 Pages Upon analyzing the contemporaries of the 18th century enlightenment period, it is important to note that the idea of â€Å"change† caused unease and anxiety to settle in. 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The Scientific Revolution was one event that provided a sturdy foundation to the Enlightenment by having solid evidence of things in the world being contrary to what everyone had thoughtRead MoreThe impacts of the Enlightenment on the European Society 1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe impacts of the Enlightenment on the European Society The Enlightenment is also referred to as the Age of Reason. These names describe the period in America and Europe in the 1700s. During this period, man was emerging from the ignorance centuries into one that was characterized by respect for humanity, science, and reason. The people involved in Enlightenment had the belief that human reason was useful in discovering the universe’s natural laws, determining mankind’s natural rights, and therebyRead MoreThe Enlightenment Era Of 1620 And 1789910 Words   |  4 Pages Enlightenment Era of 1620 and 1789 The European politics, communication, science and philosophy were radically reoriented between 1685 and 1815, during a time that was referred to as the Age of Reason, or in other words, the Enlightenment Era. The European thinkers from Britain, France and throughout Europe started questioning the traditional authority and developed the idea that humanity could be made better through rational change. As a result of the Enlightenment, there was production of numerous

The Reality Of Reality Television - 1499 Words

Against Reality TV For close to a decade, the ethics behind the existence of reality TV have been questioned. While there are ardent viewers of reality TV, researchers and other scholars disapprove them, and claim that the world would have been in a better place. Reality TV shows, especially in America, are extremely profitable to media owners, and this has increased their popularity in the recent years. The main target audience for these shows are teenagers and women, who spend a lot of time discussing about them, even hours after the shows. Most of the reality shows in America and other parts of the world have common ideas. The most fundamental aspect of most reality TV shows is that they display people who go through embarrassing, painful and humiliating ordeals. This is what the reality shows expect their audiences to be entertained, and presumably laugh at the situations the people go through. For this reason and many more, it has been found that they are more detrimental than entertaining to the society, and therefore, the world would be in a better place without them (Pozner 89-91). TV reality shows have led to a moral decay. When reality TV shows, show people suffering and expect their audience to be entertained, it shows that they are encouraging people to continue suffering so that they can get airplay. At times, people watch these shows just for sympathy with the people, with no intentions to help them. It seems more immoral for production companies to expressShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Television936 Words   |  4 PagesThe reality show phenomenon Have you ever wondered what attracts millions of Americans each week to watch this cultural phenomenon know as reality television? It first started in 1948 when Allen Funt created a TV series called Candid Camera, this is the first known reality television show series. â€Å"Reality television episodes have increased up to 57% of all television shows that can be found on your TV guides† (Shocking). Big Brother was one of the first successful and most viewed reality televisionRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television882 Words   |  4 Pages What is it about these reality shows such as: Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Bad Girls Club, and The Real Housewives that we cannot stop watching? After watching reality shows like this, it leaves people craving the next episode of the next week. Reality television producers are exploiting people by giving the public a â€Å"sense† of reality but not the real version of it, but rather exploit people and use stereotypes to make money for entertainment. 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Television give us a different and visually perfect way of entertainment. Reality television is a genre of television which seems to be unscripted showing actions of â€Å"real life†. The viewer sees the reality shows for entertainment but neither the pressure, competitiveness nor loneliness that lives in imagines. To be real -time and people- admiration from viewers, thinking thatRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesReality television is now one of the most consumed television genres broadcasted to the general public. Reality television has become more about mindless watching and creating the most unrealistic environment possible, rather than creating a show for an important purpose. Today, shows like Beauty and the Geek, Big Brother, and every other reality show fit into this mold, but when viewed critically lessons appear. 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Reality television is a genre of television programming that focuses on members of the public living in conditions made by the creator, and displays how people are intended to behave in everyday life (Johnson 290). Reality television is debasing and should be strictly controlled, if not banned altogetherRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesReality television has taken off over the past few years bringing shows to the airwaves such as the Bachelor and Breaking Amish. One of the more successful reality television shows, which is going off the air after this season, is Duck Dynasty. The show features a cast of redneck white males who have created a fortune making handmade duck calls. Their wives are the typical stay at home moms who cook and clean the house, or as Uncle Si would say, wifely duties. The show is shot in West Monroe, Louisiana

The Flawed Drug Policy of America - 1691 Words

Americas Flawed Drug Policy Introduction: As a major policy issue in the United States, the War on Drugs has been one of the most monumental failures on modern record. At a cost of billions of taxpayer dollars, thousands of lives lost and many thousands of others ruined by untreated addiction or incarceration, Americas policy orientation concerning drug laws is due for reconsideration. Indeed, the very philosophical orientation of the War on Drugs and of the current drug policy in the United States has been one of prosecution and imprisonment rather than one of decriminalization, treatment and rehabilitation. As our medical and scientific communities characterize addiction as a disease, the United States government continues to characterize this disease as a crime. And in doing so, it has created an unnecessary criminal class in the United States. The research, supplemental political cartoons and proposed research will set out to prove that stiffer drug laws will only have the impact of criminalizing countless drug addicts who might otherwise benefit substantially from rehabilitation and other treatment-based strategies. With a specific focus on the prohibition of marijuana even for medical use, and using the Toulmin model for putting forth and completing the argument, the research will set out to demonstrate the irrational Claims: The discussion here will pursue the claim that we have experienced a major failure of the central philosophy of the War On Drugs. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Not Effective911 Words   |  4 Pages Criminals most likely do not sit around thinking, â€Å"I won’t commit this murder if I face the death penalty.† Therefore, the use of the death penalty does not help reduce crime, so why use it? People have been released from death rows throughout America due to the evidence of wrongful conviction. 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I will then talk about, â€Å"conflict analysis ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬, a lens for viewing conflict that brings into focus a multilevel, integrative diagnosis of the violence in Mexico and supports recent evolutions in Plan Merida toward a more holisticRead MoreThe Issue Of The Legality And The War On Drugs1246 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue of the legality and the war on drugs has been a hot topic for decades now. Whether or not the government should have a say in the use of drugs seems like an endless, looping debate. The increase in drug usage in the United States is undeniable, and many are beginning to question whether the burden of the â€Å"war on drugs† such as a huge budget and over populated prisons is worth it. 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Accounting Theory and Current Issues Commercial World Spend

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Issues for Commercial World Spend. Answer: Introduction A wide range of uncertainties is involved with the research and development expenditures identified by the firms across the different industries. The instabilities or insecurities are experienced by the businesses throughout the countries from the expected or premeditated benefits in the future stage of operations. Every organization wants to become profitable as part of conducting business activities in its respective segment of the market leading the managers to decide upon the sound investments having the capability to offer abundant returns to the company (Deegan 2013). Given the particular dilemma and hesitations faced by the firm, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) has mandated that the overall expenditures incurred by the businesses regarding the research and development process should need to be treated as expenses dedicated to improving the operations. Based on the investigation performed by Deegan (2013), the chief variance is experienced by the business throug h the application of research and development offering assistance to the business to develop progression into the market. Such progress is highly dependent on recognising the fair value of the complete research and development process by the acquirer (Corbin and Strauss 2014). On the other hand, a large number of business from the commercial world spend a huge sum of money on an annual basis in the research and development settings dedicated to shaping up business products and services (Patton et al. 2016). The particular example can be observed from the example of BSF Ltd in the identified case study. Cicchetti (2016) clarified that a large number of entities are engaging in the individual process with the intention of advancing their products or services facilitating the firm to generate a significant amount of revenues from its upcoming years of operation. In line with the identified concepts and facts associated with the research and development phase, this report is attempted to engender the involving prospectus and patent values related to the approaches and critical acknowledgements by the absolute undertaking. Nature and Value of Research done by BSF Ltd to the Society Research is defined as a planned set of investigations, which have its originality while undertaken with the aim of obtaining scientific knowledge or technical understanding over the product and services or techniques and approaches of the business (Cicchetti 2016). The precise example can be observed through the case study explaining the research activities undertaken by BSF Ltd, a bioresearch firm listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). Based on the case study, the company is engaged in the research on sustainable aquaculture feeds for almost two decades by comprising both plant based feeds and high-value piscavorian fish. The primary objective of research is studying the unknown from its early stage to propel the economic benefits towards the favourable direction of the business. Such target is meant to provide highly anticipated growth to the entire activities and proceedings undertaken by the entity (Northouse 2015). According to Corbin and Strauss (2014), an organization can employ a variety of business research for collecting the extended range of information regarding the current and potential degree of operations. Therefore, core outcomes of business research vary with their types, as each type of research comprise distinct nature driving them to be separated from one another. Developing a focus group of customers or conducting a consumer survey may be the effective part of the research depending on their potential requirements (Gioia, Corley, and Hamilton 2013). Patton et al. (2016) have discussed that the type of business research varies depending widely on the associated conditions of the business environment and needs of target market. Over the two decades, BSF Ltd was engaged in research with the aim of ensuring sustainability in delivering the aquaculture feeds by involving plant based feeds and fish based feeds. The particular type of research undertaken by the company is progressed by specifically including both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. From the application of the particular type of business research, various facts and numbers alongside the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of useful data based on observation and identification of critical sources (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016). The particular research conducted by the firm over the years had received a substantial amount of accusations from the environmentalists claiming the provided foods are diverting the quality of food crops into the growth and luxury fish. In response to such issue, the management of BSF Ltd has shifted its research to the application of bacteria for producing the fish feeds from various ranges of sources. The certain transformation in direction was influenced by the reactions and initiatives from the respective business world to encourage the firm providing a high degree of attention to increasing social value by the business practices and procedures. However, the particular nature of research encompassing both the creating of social value and undertaking rational approaches complying the social needs and requirements spawns high cost for the business in the division of research and development (Salthouse 2016). Therefore, the company should need to counter the risks in the forthcoming course of operations to ensure the intensification of profitable returns covering the massive investment made to conduct the proposed business research. Discussion of Nature and Difference between Research and Development According to Northhouse (2015), research and development refer to an apparent investment made by the business with the intention generating favourable cash flows in the future of operations. The earlier segments of the report have discussed the essence of research and development in the context of the business environment while clarifying the reasons driving the entities to adopt such procedure. Based on the practical implications of RD, the significant outcomes of the process lead the firm to meet the requirement of defining new assets for the business (Zikmund et al. 2013). Regardless of such fact, GAAP has instructed to treat the expenditures associated with RD as a cost for conducting business rather than identifying it as an investment. The particular fact is evidenced by the treatment of RD cost by the business, as entire expenditure deducted from the operating profit, instead of capitalising in the capital section of the business. Such understanding signifies the associated cost mainly creates the fundamental distinction between the different types of research and development. There is separate expenditure involved distinctively with research and development phase explicitly causing the creation of uniquely identifiable assets for the business (Zikmund et al. 2013). Such asset can either be usable to generate a certain amount of surplus to the business or sellable, i.e. transferrable to another enterprise. From the analysis of the case study, the past research activities adopted by the bioresearch firm in the Australian environment were not highly cost-consumptive. As part of the former business research, it drove the business to provide priority to studying a plant based feed when the highly valued fish based feeds failed to strive in the identified market. The new newly identified research on the use of bacteria to produce fish feeds is determined by the firm to form and deliver an adequate response to the numerous issues faced by the enterprise due to the substantial implications of environmental and social requirements. The major different between the two approaches of RD process is the involvement of high cost in the latest method due to the separate expenditure of required incurring by the firm for both research and development (Bryman and Bell 2015). As part of the development phase, the company would substantially require arranging the sum of annual investment while designing n ew assets in the production line to meet the outcomes obtained through the research. Fair Market Value Patent During the acquisition of another business, the board of director will always look into the value of a patent associated with the enterprise for developing a better understanding, as dictated by Gioia, Corley, and Hamilton (2013). Therefore, establishing a superior value for the patent is essential for the business for welcoming fundamental level of opportunities from the business environment. However, there is a vast array of factors affecting the valuation of patents for a firm striving it to grow proficient level of understanding regarding the assessment methodology (McNiff 2013). Furthermore, these methods are applied by depending on the usefulness of experience for ensuring the accurateness and delivering the objectives associated with the patent on a timely basis. In this particular case, Patton et al. (2016) have pointed out the imperative inclusion of financial analysis tools for developing needful assumptions and valuations providing assistance in determining the fair market value of the patent. In case of BSF Ltd, the application of patent is necessary for securing the huge sum of investment made in the RD process. Based on the condition of the business environment of the chosen firm, it is assumed that a True and Fair View valuation method should need to be in practice for determining the fair market value (Ritchie et al. 2013). Moreover, Ritchie et al. (2013) have clarified that overall process aims to provide further improvement options to the valuation of the intellectual properties, exclusively the patents. The development cost associated with a patent will be disclosed in the balance sheet of the company by adhering to the accounting standards outlined by IFRS and GAAP. A patent is meant to safeguard the RD strategies applied by BSF Ltd with the high anticipation of gaining an increase in sale or at least developing a cost-saving measure for the business to ensure its growth in the identified market. Based on the scenario, the calculation of fair market value of the identified patent should need to be conducted by involving an income-based approach. Net market value of the patent AUD 700,000,000 Discount Rate for the Project 8% pa It is assumed that the income tax rate is 40% and the present value annuity factor is 4.6755 On the other hand, the amortisation period is considered as 10 years Amortisation effect factor = 1/1 (Income Tax Rate) x (present value annuity factor)/ amortisation period = 1/1 (40%) x (4.6755)/15 years = 14% Therefore, present market value of the patent is, Therefore, Amortisation effect factor = AUD7, 000,000 x (1 + 14%) = AUD 7,980,000 Journal Entries for RD Transactions The principal transactions of BSF Ltd, as highlighted through the case study between the period of 2013 and 2016 are needed to be evaluated critically for ensuring their impartiality. Based on dictation of case study, BSF Ltd has obtained a grant from CSIRO for ensuring the investment in RD, as the overall scenario should prompt the accountant of the firm to create journal entries in the following order (Portney and Watkins 2015): Cash / Bank a/c Dr. $500 million To, Deferred income a/c Cr. $500 million (Being the grant received) Deferred income a/c Dr. $500 million To, Income from CSIRO Cr. $500 million (Being grant recognized in the P/L account) Concerning the findings reflected by Baskerville et al. (2016), the above identified journal entries lead towards the requirement of verifying such entries by the auditors to ensure the compliance with IAS 20. Therefore, the company should need to provide proper emphasis to the auditor duties and responsibilities of its auditors for eliminating misconceptions and errors in the financial reporting process right through the beginning. From the application of the case study, BSF Ltd had utilised the availed fund in different means, as the guidelines associated with IAS has indicated to use or commit the amount of resource in some specific areas (Cervone and Pervin 2015). The particular case study reveals that the specific amount of fund obtained from CSIRO was allocated by BFS Ltd to establish its business research and ensuring development for the coming two years. Reasonability of Managements Assertion The case study reflecting the assertion of the management to developing control over the bacteria-based feeds technology cannot be thoroughly validated or justified. It is acknowledged due to the failure to conduct a successful research by the previous organization concerning the development of a sustainable aquaculture approach. The improper application of technology would cause the death of wide number of fish from the aqua environment, where the proper control mechanism by the organization could reduce the occurrence of such scenario (Charmaz 2014). Apart from that, the extensive control over the use of technology would significantly reduce time and cost associated with such investment. References Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T., 2016. A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. InEnacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2(pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cervone, D. and Pervin, L.A., 2015.Personality, Binder Ready Version: Theory and Research. John Wiley Sons. Charmaz, K., 2014.Constructing grounded theory. Sage. Cicchetti, D., 2016.Developmental psychopathology, theory and method(Vol. 1). John Wiley Sons. Corbin, J. and Strauss, A., 2014.Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Gioia, D.A., Corley, K.G. and Hamilton, A.L., 2013. Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research notes on the Gioia methodology.Organizational Research Methods,16(1), pp.15-31. McNiff, J., 2013.Action research: Principles and practice. Routledge. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Patton, L.D., Renn, K.A., Guido, F.M., Quaye, S.J., Evans, N.J. and Forney, D.S., 2016.Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley Sons. Portney, L.G. and Watkins, M.P., 2015.Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. FA Davis. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Salthouse, T.A., 2016.Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging. Psychology Press. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013. Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.63-82. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Iron And Silk Essays (619 words) - Mark Salzman, Iron Silk

Iron And Silk Salzman, M., (1986). Iron and Silk. New York: Random House. This book was given to me by a good friend who knew that I had an interest in Asia. I chose to read it because it was a true story and was told that it was a good read. The author travels to China as an English teacher for the Hunan Medical School. There he stayed for two years picking up many anecdotes along the way. The author already had spent a large amount of his life studying Chinese language and the martial arts. However, when he arrives in China he meets teachers who have dedicated their entire lives to perfecting a particular art or skill, whether it be martial arts or calligraphy. Mark Salzman was perfecting his calligraphy skills and as weeks had passed he began to make progress. He was getting tired of the models and wanted to try something new. When he told Hai Bin,(his teacher), he frowned and said,?Some people spend their entire lives researching a single model. You should be willing to spend a year on this one.? This is an example of the dedication and perseverance these men have towards their chosen artform or skill. Another example of this theme, was Mark's Wushu teacher, Pan, who punched a fifty pound plate of steel up to ten thousand times a day. Mark's relentless practicing of the many forms of Wushu was influenced by Pan. Salzman also showed that there was great oppression. The people of China were under constant surveillance and control. Rarely were they able to make important decisions for themselves. It was sad to see that in a country with so many people there was so little freedom. The government controlled everything from the railroad to the Rat Collection Office to whether families and friends could mourn for lost loved-ones. Mark found this way of life troublesome yet he had stay strong and focused for his calligraphy and martial arts. Mark Salzman's Iron and Silk did a wonderful job of illustrating the people of China. He brought to life a corner of the world that we would rarely be able to see, outside of picture books. His representation is a very personal one, taking you beyond the scenery and into the action and heartache. Throughout this book, Salzman expertly reveals the personality and spirit of the Chinese people. He does this with his own type of special imagery. He drops in enough key details and leaves the rest to your imagination. This caused me to pay close attention to what was going on. His style of writing makes you feel like you are right there beside him, participating in each of his many escapades. I was influenced by the dedication his teachers had for their chosen artform and will remind myself to use that dedication and perseverance in my long-term goals. Mark Salzman's purpose was to take you to China and introduce you to the people he had met on his journey. He had published this book only two years after he had gone to China. He desperately wanted to share an outsiders look into China and what influences were in his life. Mark wrote so fluidly that it was person to person. Anyone can pick up this book and be an observer in the memories of the author. I found that my reading skills vary like a roller coaster. I had days when I found my reading to be very choppy and I had to remind myself to see the words in the book as speech and not words in a book,(if that makes any sense). My vocabulary was up to par and the book was an easy read. I began to use my speed reading techniques without discomfort near the last few chapters in the book. Book Reports

10 Facts on Health Economics for a Presentation

10 Facts on Health Economics for a Presentation Health Economics is one of the interesting topics to study. It is defined as the branch of economics concerned with issues related to the effectiveness, efficiency, value and behavior in producing and consuming, health and healthcare. Due to its broad scope, your instructor may ask you to create a presentation on a related topic of your choice. You can always check our 20 topics on health economics for a presentation to find a topic that best suits you or you can scroll down to check the following ten facts for inspiration. There is a current debate as to whether healthcare is a want or need. Health care becomes a want depending upon one very important factor, which is if a person is either earning handsomely or just the bare minimum. If a person is earning generously, they will try to avoid going through pain and discomfort using any means possible. On the other hand, those earning less will try to avoid expensive health care in any way possible. However, health care becomes a necessity for people who are aging, especially those living on their own. Health economics is a way to improve existing health systems or create new structures altogether. A certain value can be added to the health system if each resource is allocated in a smart and efficient way. The reason why health economics needed an extra category under the umbrella of general economics is because health care takes a huge chunk out of a country’s economy. In the United States, health care is a huge concern as it consumes over 16 percent of the country’s GDP. As the population of USA increases every year, more people require health care services. Not only does this exponential growth of health care requirements affect the government budget, it also affects the profitability of private sectors. Health is generally considered to be one of the basic human rights by the World Health Organization. While this seems like a very accurate statement, economically attaining absolutely free health care system is a huge strain on a country’s economy. Once again, optimizing health economics is one of the most effective methods to minimize costs. Adverse Selection is a very basic principle that a student of health economics must learn. This is when either the buyer or the seller of health care insurance has prior information about each the other which they obscure from one another for personal benefit. In simpler terms, it is when the buyer of the policy hides key facts about their medical history or the seller unethically finds out information that will lead them towards rejecting applications of people whose medical history is costly. Basically, if the seller or the buyer manipulates asymmetrically acquired information in a way that it benefits them on account of the other party, this is considered to be adverse selection. Health care costs have skyrocketed in the United States and this has been a huge topic of discussion amongst many sectors. According to the Centers for Disease Control Prevention’s health statistics, health care costs have doubled since the year 2000 as it has grown from 1.2 trillion dollars to 2.3 trillion dollars. According to various national surveys, the cost of health insurance, out of pocket costs and national health expenses are rising as each year passes by. According to the CIA, the US stands at a surprisingly 43rd rank when it comes to life expectancy in the entire world. Similarly, it stands at a disappointing 167th position in the world in terms of infant mortality. A study also found out that the USA’s percentage of stopping preventable deaths is declining in great numbers as compared to the healthcare system of Japan and Australia. The size of the hospital affects the cost of treatment due to several very important reasons. A larger establishment can have a larger network of specialized medical units. This compartmentalization can lead to efficient treatment and, more importantly, extra throughput of treated patients. Through basic economics, the cost of treatment drops because the supply increases due to a larger efficient system. Moreover, a larger institute can afford to buy supplies in bulk quantities. All of this boils down to the ethical code of the hospital. To ensure that the system is not manipulated, medical establishments that create supply-monopoly and perform unnecessary treatments for profit can be held accountable and punished by the law if their misconduct is exposed. According to various studies, the supply of labor can be increased if there is improved healthcare provided. However, this has its side effects too. If the economic growth is incapable of withstanding the sudden influx of labor, there will be no profit in the per capita output. The results can actually be very devastating as the unemployment rate will increase. Generally speaking, health economics is not immune to the overall economic growth of the country. Therefore, if the healthcare system is improved in a poor society, it will have adverse effects such as rise in population, increase in poverty, and poor health of the population. If a balance is created between the overall economic growth and health economics, the results can be very opposite. Improved health of the employees can result in a substantial bump in the production efficiency and the cost per unit drops accordingly. If the overall health conditions of an area improve, that can also start housing projects as people will become more prosperous. A good health program increases the overall morale as well, motivating entrepreneurs to start small businesses. Health economics is an extremely important study because it is the very connection between the basic health and the resources required to sustain it. Resources do not just mean money, though; they can also be the amount of people, material and time. These resources are not infinite and, therefore, they need to be allocated and managed systematically. Once you decide on a topic from these, do not forget to check out our guide on how to write a presentation about health economics to come up with an excellent presentation which your instructors will grade you generously for. Resources: Bhattacharya, J., Hyde, T., Tu, P. (n.d.). Health Economics. Gruber, J., Newquist, H. P. (2011). Health Rare Reform: What it is, why its necessary, how it works. New York: Hill and Wang. Health Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/1/67.long Sloan, F. A., Hsieh, C. (2012). Health economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. COUNTRY COMPARISON :: LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html Drummond, M., Drummond, M. (2005). Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Is the US Population Behaving Healthier? (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from nber.org/papers/w13013

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay - 1

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill chapters23-24 - Essay Example Despite the fact that the stock market began regaining some of its losses towards the end of 1930, it was not sufficient to avert the onset of the economic depression. Another main cause was bank failures. The 1930s experienced over 9,000 bank failures. There was no insurance for bank deposits, hence with the failure of the banks, individuals simply ended up losing their savings. Because the surviving banks were not certain about the economic condition and had concerns about their own survival, they were not willing to issue new loans. This aggravated the existent situation and led to lesser expenditure. In addition to that was a drop in purchasing across the board. As the stock market had crashed and the advancement of further economic conundrums heightened, people across all classes stopped buying items. The result was a drop in the number of produced items, hence a reduced workforce. Individuals who had been laid off from their jobs were not in a position to deposit payments for i tems they had purchased via installment plans, leading to repossession of these items. The rate of accumulation of inventory began to increase. There was a rise of over 25% in unemployment which of course meant reduced spending that could abate the existent economic condition. The American policy with Europe also contributed in a great way to the Great Depression. With businesses starting to fall, the Smoot Hawley Tariff of 1930 was forged by the government in a bid to protect American governments. The tariff imposed high tariffs on imports resulting in reduced trade between foreign countries and America, coupled with retaliation in the economy (Brinkley, 604) President Hoover and the Republican Response to the Crisis In a similar fashion to the economic crisis of 2008, president Hoover assumed office immediately following the stock market crash in 1929. His response to the economic downturn was remarkably similar to the current response by the Federal Reserve and SEC. He did not wa nt to meddle with the markets and looked to offer support to the banking system by making an offer to fund business in return for collateral. As such, he started programs of public works. The lengths taken by Hoover were obscured by the great lengths that the Franklin Roosevelt administration took. Public works programs during this period had a sizeable impact upon a generation reliant on soup lines to survive. Attempts by president Hover to resolve the economic crisis were in most instances unsuccessful. His loss to Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential therefore was not a surprise. Hoover thereafter devoted a lot of time over the next dozen years to the fight by the Republicans against the New Deal, and believed that President Roosevelt would function to compromise the political system of the United States with his extensive government programs. Six weeks following the death of Roosevelt, Hoover held a meeting with President Harry Truman in May 1945. Together, they planned t o recover post-war Europe. Upon a request by Truman, Hoover travelled across the globe to afford the president a personal statement on food needs of the world. More significantly, Hoover rallied his fellow Republicans to offer support to President Truman’s food relief programs. Hoover worked as chairman of the newly-formed Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch which later came to be known as the Hoover commission, and worked in

Advertising S.C.O.R.E Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertising S.C.O.R.E - Essay Example By using black and white, terrible imagery with savage people fighting to get a bite of the apple, 5 Seeds shows how it can transform people in a variety of different ways. The simple goal of the advertisement is to make sure people identify with natural ingredients and the benefits to the body and mind. The ad is creative with its use of black and white and then a transformation into colour to show how simple ingredients like the apple manage to create a better environment and a happier person. It has impact because the whole idea of Adam and Eve was that they were misled by nature in the biblical story and told not to eat the apple, even though they wanted it very badly. By showing ancient people in dark and frightening environments and then transforming the background into a more civil and inviting colour scheme, it shows that the natural ingredients in 5 Seeds have benefits in many different ways. The creativity comes in not only the colour scheme, but by using age-old concepts (Adam and Eve) to give the drink a more modern view regarding health and mental well-being. Creativity is also noticeable with the crows that seem to be protecting the apple as a means to preserve their own food sources. It shows that these ingredients are even important to animals, however people are the winners in the struggle and are clearly made better for it. When the Eve character puts her very life out on the limb just to get a single bite, it tells the consumer that they should actively seek 5 Seeds because it is made from the most quality ingredients on Earth. The originality of the advertisement comes in how it transforms evil surroundings into more beautiful surroundings, giving consumers a kind of story that peaks their interest. 5 Seeds has many competitors and it would be difficult to differentiate the product from other similar products on the drink market. Therefore, in order to make the advertisement stand out competitively, they use imagery

The Lemba Clan, Are They Real Jews Essay Example for Free

The Lemba Clan, Are They Real Jews Essay Introduction Walking through the Venda Plaza shopping center in Thohoyandou, South Africa, R dai ae ta a ad a tm ,T aioe f Jws bo e . Gv g i a uznw vdo m n n si o eâ€Å" hts n o my e i rt r† i n h d h hs i m pzl ytn i e l kh ep i dâ€Å"a a l k e . cm f m I al l gi e uz d ei r ud o ,e xln ,Im Ba Jw We a er s eao t e tg o ae c o r n m aoT e hv poe iwt gns N t nowing what to say and not having heard about this g. hy ae rvdt i ee. o k h † before, I let his statement pass. My time in South Africa was devoted to working with a victim empowerment program, but I continued to wonder about the idea of Black Jews. The Black Jew or Lemba population creates a blip on a cultural map of sub-Saharan Africa. When researchers discovered and studied them over the last fifteen years, the Lemba also made a blip on the genetic map of sub-Saharan Africa. Genetic analysis of the Lemba has focused primarily on the Y chromosome, which is useful for studying variation among and distance between populations. The Lemba genetic markers support the oral tradition which says the Lemba came from the north. This paper reviews biological and cultural studies of the Lemba and the correlation between genes and oral tradition to propose a biocultural history for the Lemba people. Biology Genetic Variation across Populations Much of the study of genetic variation has focused on dissimilarity between groups. Genetic variation over time is used to postulate about the place and time of the origins of modern humans as well as subsequent movement and migration. Genetic variation is the greatest in Africa, and it is reasoned that the longer a group has been around, the more variation it will have in its gene pool. Additionally, the longer groups are apart, the greater their genetic distance (Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza, 1995). Maps of variation show migrations out of, around, 1 and back in to Africa (Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza, 1995). Based on comparison of genetic landscapes, maps by Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza (1995) show the arrival of Neolithic cultivators in northern Africa 8,000 to 9,000 years ago. The migration of people continues down the eastern side of Africa, with groups mixing and moving. According to Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza (1995), the Bantu arrived in South Africa 300 to 400 years ago, and the archaeological and linguistic data support the history of Bantu expansion. Cavalli-Sforza’t e o py gnt r aosi a gnr e t og ae g sr s f hl eece t nh s r ee t h uh vr e e o i li p e ad r a linkage analysis. Synthetic maps are produced from principle-component analysis of multiple gene frequencies. MacEachern (2000), however, criticizes Cavalli-Soz’sn eio gns fr s yt s f ee a h s and language for its assumptions about the nature of language and groups and its lack of cni r i o t d e i o hm n oii . A r a e n ui a ntone, os e t n fh i rt f u a sc ts â€Å" fcn t i n s r obudd d ao e v sy ee i hc t e homogeneous monoliths either frozen in place since before A. D. 1492 or caroming around the continent like cultural-ba n b lr bl†MaE ce ,00 7) G nr sn ec as er g ii d as ( c ahr 20: 0. ee lyt t m p i la l n 3 a hi provide a visual representation of variation, but they do not show how the variation came to exist nor do they reveal anomalies. The Lemba are an anomaly in the genetic patterns of Southern Africa. Variation and the Y Chromosome The primary genetic research on the Lemba has used the Y chromosome for comparison with other groups. The Y chromosome has many characteristics that make it favorable for investigating lineage. Almost all of the Y chromosome consists of non-recombining regions and the information is passed intact from generation to generation, from father to son. The variations, called polymorphisms, occur so infrequently that they are commonly called unique event polymorphisms (UEPs) (Stumpf and Goldstein, 2001). UEPs occur along male lines in 2 different time intervals, thus the changes can be compared between and among groups to examine relatedness and age by identifying variations (Bradman and Thomas 1998). More changes on the Y indicate an older line, and more shared sequences between Ys indicate a more similar gene pool. Once thought of as mainly junk, researchers have identified 20 different genes on the Y (Lowenstein, 1999). The function of Y is related to imparting maleness and to fertility (see figure 1). Figure 1: The human Y chromosome (Quintana-Murci et al. , 2000:173) Because most of the Y does not recombine, the Ycrm sm ise a a ui r tl ho oo es en s â€Å"n a n l p e ay t nm tdi ae ru† r s ie l kg gop which allows the history of the paternal line to be deduced (Poloni et a t n al. , 1997: 1015). The non-recombining section of the Y has the potential for a large number of different mutations (Stumpf and Goldstein, 2001). Because most variation in the Y is not expressed, changes are not selected for or against, which allows the record of these changes gets passed on (Bradman and Thomas, 1998). Four types of changes can occur between generations: microsatellites, minisatellites, snips and indels (Bradman and Thomas, 1998). Microsatellites are a section of repeats of a short 3 nucleotide sequence and minisatellites are a section of repeats of longer sequences. Snips refers to single nucleotide polymorphisms, meaning one nucleotide is changed. Indels are insertions or deletions of DNA in a particular location (Bradman and Thomas, 1998). An example of an indel is the Y chromosome Alu polymorphism (YAP). Alu is a sequence of about 300 base pairs which is inserted into a particular region of the DNA. There have been about half a million Alu insertions in human DNA and YAP is one of the more recent (Bradman and Thomas, 1998). Because they are unique event polymorphisms, YAP inserts and snips are unlikely to have arisen more than once in evolution (Thomas et al. 2000). An Alu can be copied, but it is not removed from a locus. After an Alu change, the YAP will accumulate new mutations at the same rate as surrounding DNA loci. One can think of an Alu insertion as a fossil, and patterns of new mutation allow the fossils to be sorted into lineages. (Dolan DNA Learning Center 2002). Different combinations of polymorphisms are known as haplotypes (Bradman and Thomas 1998). The more similar the haplotype frequencies of two populations, the more similar their biological history is likely to be (Bradman and Thomas 1998). Quintana-Murci, Krausz, and McElreavey caution that genetic drift, founder effects, and male-specific migration processes may lead to over-representation of specific haplotypes (2001). Genetic drift refers to random change in gene frequencies between generations which will cause frequencies to fluctuate up or down (Releford, 2003). After enough time and if no other forces are acting on a population, variation within a population will be reduced (Releford, 2003). The founder effect is a type of genetic drift where a small number of people form a new population, causing allele frequencies to deviate from the parent population (Releford, 2003). The Lemba Y 4 If Lemba migrated from Judea and Yemen and maintained the tradition of marrying only within the group, the Lemba Y haplotypes may be over-represented when compared to the neighboring populations. Thus, the Lemba Y is useful for comparison with African and Semitic populations their contribution to the Lemba. More genetic evidence of a non-Bantu origin for the Lemba is expected and found (Bradman and Thomas 1998). The Lemba Y has an additional genetic marker that indicates links to the Jewish priest class Cohen. Members cannot be appointed to this class and priesthood can only be inherited, thus a possible Jewish marker will be preserved down the line (Bradman and Thomas 1998; Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza 1995). Judaism began in Semitic tribes living about 4,000 years ago in the Middle East. In 586 B. C. , the Babylonian exile spread Jewish populations out of present-day Israel (Hammer et al. 2000). Hammer et al. (2000) used Y chromosome haplotypes to trace the parental origins of the Jewish Diaspora. Multi-dimensional scaling (figure 1 ) of frequencies of 18 Y-chromosome haplotypes in 29 populations produced three main clusters: sub-Saharan African, North African, and European. 5 Figure 2: Multi-dimensional scaling from Hammer et al. (2000:6772) The Jewish cluster appears in between the European and North African population clusters. The Lemba population is set halfway between sub-Saharan African and Jewish clusters (Hammer et al. 2000). Genetic and geographic distances were not correlated for other Jewish populations, which supports a recent dispersal and subsequent isolation model. Hammer et al. conclude that â€Å" m j pro o N Yb ll d e i .. ae to a common Middle Eastern source a a r ot n f R ili i rt . t cs o i aec v sy r ppli svr t uad erao (00 74. h iue lo ea an c i s f ou t n ee lh sn ya g†20: 7) T i s sf frvl t g lm o ao a o s 6 s u ui a Jewish origins as well as for supporting old ties to the Middle East. Once populations dispersed from the Middle East, gene flow with surrounding populations was likely. The Lemba present genetic markers identified with Bantu and Semitic populations (Spurdle and Jenkins, 1996; Wilson and Goldstein, 2000). Wilson and Goldstein (2000) examined 66 markers on the X chromosome to study the effect of admixture of Bantu and Semitic populations on linkage disequilibrium. Recent mutations will tend to have more linkage d eu i i (D t n i o eoe ( l n n G l tn20)â€Å" h s n i n i qib u L )h wl l r nsWio ad o s i 00. T e i ic t s lr m a ld s de, g fa difference between partially linked and unlinked loci rules out substructure as the sole source of the LD in the Lemba . . . Ethiopian-Bantu differentiation is not sufficient to produce the d eu i i osre it L m a ( l n n G l tn20: 2.T e oc s ns i qib u be dn h e b†Wio ad o s i 00 3) h cnl i i s lr m v e s de, 9 uo that the Lemba LD has two sources: parental population and admixture. Another examination on the worldwide distribution of Y haplotypes (Poloni et al. , 1997) found a significant correlation between genetic and linguistic distances. The picture of genetic affinities places the Lemba not with other sub-Saharan African populations but with Afro-Asiatic populations (figure 2 ) indicating admixture or a different parent population from other subSaharan groups. 6 Figure 3: Multi-dimensional scaling from Poloni et al. (1997:1019) Spurdle and Jenkins (1996) also looked at Bantu-Semitic variations to establish genetic affinities and offer a model for the origin of the Lemba. Their study analyzed allele frequencies of Y-linked Restriction Length Fragment Polymorphisms (RLFPs). Ht4 is a typical Negroid haplotype and it is found in the Lemba sample at a frequency of . 20, which indicates significant Negroid male gene flow into the Lemba (Spurdle and Jenkins, 1996). Ht7, Ht8, and Ht11 are Caucasoid markers and the Lemba show high frequencies of these markers as well. These haplotypes seem to be typical of Jewish populations but also occur in Asiatic Indians, thus it is not possible to distinguish between Semitic and Asiatic Indian sources with these markers (Spurdle and Jenkins, 1996). The allele frequencies of the Lemba are significantly different from those of the Bantu-speaking Negroid population and the European population but not from those of the Jewish group. Spurdle and Jenkins (1996) conclude that 50% of the Lemba Y chromosomes analyzed appear to be of Caucasoid origin, and 36% appear to be of Negroid origin. 7. One possible method for distinguishing a Semitic origin, versus a general Middle Eastern origin, of the Lemba is to make comparisons with the Cohen modal haplotype, which is dominant in the Jewish priesthood (Thomas et al. , 1998). There are three castes of Jewish males: Cohanim, the paternally inherited priesthood; Leviim, non-Cohen members of the paternally defined priestly tribe of Levi; Israelites, all non-Cohen and non-Levite Jews (Thomas et al. , 1998). If the Lemba Y has Jewish origins, the Cohen modal haplotype is expected to be present. Thomas et al. (2000) continue the study of Bantu and Semitic markers in the Lemba adding the investigation of the Cohen modal haplotypes. Y chromosomes were analyzed for six microsatellites and six biallelic markers in the Lemba, Bantu, Yemini-Handramaut, YemeniSena, Sephardic Jews, and Ashkenazic Jews. The twelve polymorphic markers were characterized in multiple Jewish populations and identified single haplotypes (Thomas et al. , 2000). Genealogical trees were drawn based on microsatellite variation to explore possible origins of the Lemba Y chromosomes (Thomas et al., 2000). The trees can be used to assess whether each Lemba haplotype has a close genealogical relationship with one or more haplotypes in the other five populations. Trees for the individual haplotypes were drawn for each UEP group by measures of average squared distance and proportion of shared alleles (Thomas et al. , 2000). Thomas et al. (2000) designate 67. 6% of Lemba chromosomes as having a Semitic origin and the other 32. 4% to have a Bantu origin. The high frequency of the Cohen modal haplotype in the general Lemba population supports a Jewish contribution to Lemba gene pool found. The Cohen modal haplotype is observed only moderately in Ashkenazic and Sephardic Israelites, in a single Yemeni, and is present in a very low frequency in Palestinian Arabs (Thomas et al. , 2000). The genetic evidence is consistent with the Lemba oral history of Jewish origins in a population outside of Africa followed by admixture with Bantu neighbors. 8 Culture Oral tradition and Origins of Lemba The Lemba people claim ancient Jewish origins. According to oral history, they come from Judea, from whence they traveled to Sena. From Sena they crossed into Africa, moving down the coast, building great cities in Zimbabwe, and finally settling the northern part of South Africa. Additionally, the Lemba assert Jewish identity through their customs of food prohibitions, ritual slaughter of animals, and circumcision (Buijs, 1998; NOVA 1999; Parfitt 1992). These are not black people who have been recently converted to Judaism. Judaism is not a proselytizing faith thus conversion and intermarriage as an explanation for Jewish genes is unlikely (Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza, 1995). However, many groups across the world claim connections to lost tribes of Israel (Parfitt, 1992). Furthermore, the surge in Lemba Jewish identity is connected to political economy and other social circumstances in South Africa in the last fifty years (Buijs, 1998). The Lemba say they came from the North, possibly from Judea. Then they went to Sena, they crossed Pusela and came to Africa, where they broke the law of God and were scattered across African nations (NOVA, 1999). Parfitt (1992) located Sena in a remote valley of Southern Yemen. Parfitt reasons that Pusela is similar to the Masilah River, which they would have had to cross to get from Sena to the sea. The port town of Sayhut was used for Arab exploration of Africa. In Hadramaut, the valley where Sena is located, tribes have the same names as Lemba tribe names (NOVA, 1999; Parfitt, 1992). Genetic samples of Lemba and of people in the Hadramaut showed similar features as well as the Cohen modal haplotype (NOVA, 1999). Lemba Identity in South Africa 9 The Lemba live in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, but according to Buijs it is only in South Africa where one finds the belief of Jewish origins (1998). The Semitic identity was propagated by early white missionaries and colonial officials; their writings emphasized differences of the Lemba by comparison with European Jewish communities (Buijs, 1998). T ee ri supr d a e o o a ii tdn t (u s19: 1. u s19) o s hs w in spot â€Å"n t s f d t ci ty B i,98 6) B i (98 nt tg e h sn e i † j 6 j e that the Lemba were aware of their distinct cultural heritage prior to colonization, but when ethnic identity became important in Apartheid, the Lemba Cultural Association (LCA) became a m d mfrosut g peet a Jws H rae B i asr,T eniec ..n ei o cnt cn a r n dy e i e t . u s s t â€Å" h i s ne . O u r i s h ig j es st their Jewish heritage is a direct result of the struggle for resources, initially land and later civil sri j sit N r e Tasaln V na (98 6) Ietyi l i r i ad e c o , h ot r r vaad ed†19: 2. dn t n u n a a n ve b n e hn n 6 i, c d g c l ethnic identities, is not a static concept. Identity, especially during Apartheid, was tied to power. The Lemba Cultural Association was founded in the 1940s when Europeans were encroaching o r or s T e C polm d spr e u uai n tadh L m a i pr ne n e uc .h L A rc i e a ea tcl r d ty n t e b’ m ot c s e a a t l ei e s a identified the Lemba with a non-African community (Buijs, 1998). During Apartheid, literally meaning separation, people were classified by race: white, cl e,n b c. n’sc laaits e df e acri tt s cnet( e o r ad l k O e oi cpb ie w r e nd cod go h e ocp s od a s a li e i n e se Mandela 1994 for a first hand description of the Apartheid system). The Apartheid government, the white minority, knew that if black people were united, the white autonomy would be threatened. They instituted a Bantu education system that further classified blacks according to tribe and encouraged local identity and rule in hopes of keeping blacks divided (Mandela 1994). In the 1980s, as the white hold on power was becoming more and more challenged, the gvrm nc a d i eednhm l d† h h e stp uhhthy e sl oe etr t â€Å" dpneto e ns w i w r eu sc t t w r tl n ee n a c e a e ei 10 overseen by South Africa but the government no longer provided money or services to these areas. Lemba in Venda Vendaland was created and within these bounds were the Lemba. Before the independent hm l diw saoalfrBak e s ti n f t m e e ad e e o e n, a f r eo â€Å" l Jw †o d tyh sl s n b r a t v b c ei e v cognized as Lemba, because they were associated with whites and considered superior to other Blacks. However, in t â€Å" l k o e n,w e b cseu t io n oe m n ibcm m rf oalt h Ba hm l d hr l k stph r w gvr et tea e oe a r eo e c a † e a e n , v b be Black and not associated with whites. A highly placed civil servant in Venda government cm et â€Å" i t V na e e a etgop I t s dy w w rl h o m n d ‘ t h ed w w r n le ru. nh e as e e i t e wh e e i o e g -skinned .. . V nar t u l e sro uprl s . t C oe pol (a i,92 8. h h ed t a d si a otf pec s.. e hsn ep †Prt 19: ) T i e ee k a h e ft 7 s refers to the days of their arrival in southern Africa. At the beginning of the century, in spite of the dark skin, the Lemba were commonly called valungu – white men (Parfitt, 1992). The civil srate a e,‘ sog s vrt n ge j ti , y e g L m a os’matter . . . e nr r dâ€Å" l a ee h g osu f em bi a e b dent v m k A n yi s n n B tson sh g s rgi w ogiiar u do y e b oi n†19: ) T e ua so a t nst to g rn, s ti t tm L m a r i (92 7.h i a n t tb e g’ 7 status and identity of the Lemba has not been fixed and it has not always been Jewish. Proclaiming a form of Judaism is an event of the 19th century, but it does come from an o e cm la d eg u i n f ao (a i 19)â€Å" h L m a e e a a i l my l r o p ct r i osd ti t n Prt 92. T e e b si d prc a t d, i e li e ic i ft z tu r h and used it as a means of ridding themselves of a rather ancient ambiguity at a time when new ambiguities were being created every dy (a i,9225. T e e b igop i a†Prt 19:5) h L m as ru wt ft h particular traditional practices, and some say they are not a religious group but a cultural one (Sand, 2002). The Lemba culture today points to ancient Hebrew origins but some Lemba practice Christianity and Islam (Sand, 2002). The practices they do ascribe to ancient Jews would 11 not be identified as Judaism in the West, however they have adopted more Jewish traditions in recent years (Sand, 2002). Lemba today In post-Apartheid times, the Lemba identity is flourishing. They continue to have LCA meetings (Buijs 1998). Websites about their heritage and culture are published on the Internet. People in South Africa can identify themselves with whatever group or groups they please. About 80,000 Lemba live in the Venda area of the Limpopo Province in South Africa as well as the Johannesburg township of Soweto (Buijs, 1998; Sand, 2002). Lemba are also found in villages in the southwestern region of Zimbabwe (Buijs, 1998; Sand, 2002). In the Venda region, people speak TshiVenda. Another day when Rudzani and I were walking through the shopping center, he called up to a man with a phrase I did not understand. With a twinkle in his eyes, he told me that was the traditional greeting for a Jewish brother. Again, I let that pass, thinking he could translate it to mean whatever he wanted since I did not know TshiVenda (a favorite joke of my friends there). In reflection and after research, I do not doubt the old Jewish ties and if I go back to South Africa, I will be sure to find out more. Conclusion The problem with constructing the history of the Lemba identity is that it has been passed down through oral tradition. When it was recorded at the turn of the twentieth century, it is possible the outside visitors were biased or projecting a Jewish identity on the Lemba. Genetic data support the oral tradition, and genetic research has identified anomalies in the Lemba population. Across the articles, the same information about the oral tradition and culture of the Lemba was offered. Ethnographic study of the Lemba traditions, not in contrast to Jews or other Africans, is needed to understand what being Lemba means today. Further research considering political 12 economy, as Buijs did, will continue to fill out the picture of constructions and projections of identity for the Black Jews of South Africa. 13 Works Cited Bradman N, and Thomas M. 1998. Why Y? The Y chromosome in the study of human evolution, migration, and prehistory. Science Spectra, 14. Electronic document, http://www. ucl. ac. uk/tcga/ScienceSpectra-pages/SciSpect-14-98. html. , accessed November 19, 2002 Buijs G. 1998 Black Jews in the Northern Province: A study of ethnic identity in South Africa. Ethnic Racial Studies, 21:661-682. Cavalli-Sforza LL, and F Cavalli-Sforza. 1995. The Great Human Diasporas. Reading, MA: Addison Weasley Publishing Company. Dolan DNA Learning Center. Genetic Origins: Alu Insertion Polymorphism. 2002. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Electronic document, http://www.geneticorigins. org/geneticorigins/pv92/aluframeset. htm, accessed November 19, 2002. Hammer MF, Redd AJ, Wood ET, Bonner MR, Jarjanazi H, Karafet T, Santachiara-Benerecetti S, Oppenheim A, Jobling MA, Jenkins T, Ostrer H, and B Bonne-Tamir. 2000. Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97:6769-6774. Hammer MF, Spurdle AB, Karafet T, Bonner MR, Wood ET, Novelletto A, Malaspina P, Mitchell RJ, Horai S, Jenkins T, and SL Zegura. 1997. The geographic distribution of human Y chromosome variation. Genetics, 145:787-805. Lowenstein JM. 1999. Why the Y? California Wild. Electronic document, http://www. calacademy. org/calwild/spring99/counter. htm, accessed November 19, 2002 MacEachern S. 2000. Genes, Tribes, and African History. Current Anthropology, 41:357-384. 14 Mandela, Neslon. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom: the Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little Brown Co. N V O l eL stbs fs e T dr a i’r a alj re. 00( oe br O A n n. otr e o I al uo Prtse r b o ny20. N vm e i i r . ft m k e u 2000). Electronic document, http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/israel/parfitt. html, accessed November 19, 2002. Parfitt, Tudor. 1992. Journey to the Vanished City: Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Poloni ES, Semino O, Passarino G, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Dupanloup I, Langaney A, and L Excoffier. 1997. Human genetic affinities for Y-chromosome P49a,f/TaqI haplotypes show strong correspondence with linguistics. American Journal of Human Genetics, 61:1015-1035. Quintana-Murci L, Krausz C, and K McElreavey. 2001. The human Y chromosome: function, evolution and disease. Forensic Science International, 118:169-181. Releford, JH. 2003. The Human Species: An Introduction to Biological Anthropology, 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Sand, JP.2002. The Jews of Africa: The Lemba of Southern Africa. Electronic document, http://www. mindspring. com/~jaypsand/lemba. htm. accessed November 18, 2002. Spurdle, AB. 1994. The Y-ALU polymorphism in Southern African populations and its relationship to other Y-specific polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics, 54:319-330. Spurdle A. and T Jenkins. 1996. The origins of the Lemba Black Jews of Southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-Chromosome markers. American Journal of Human Genetics, 59:1126-1133. 15 Stumpf MPH, and DB Goldstein. 2001. Genealogical and evolutionary inference with the human Y chromosome. Science. 291:1738-1742. Thomas MG, Parfitt T, Weiss DA, Skorecki K, Wilson JF, le Roux M, Bradman N, and DB Goldstein. 2000. Y chromosomes traveling south: the Cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lembathe Black Jews of Southern Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics, 66 (2): 674-686. Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben-Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, and DB Goldstein. 1998. Origins of old testament priests. Nature, 394:138-140. Wilson JF, and DB Goldstein. 2000. Consistent long-range linkage disequilibrium generated by admixture in a Bantu-Semitic hybrid population. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67:926-935. 16.

What is an Inteferometer :: physics light optics

A Michelson Interferometer is a device used to measure the speed of light in precise optical measurements. It does this by splitting light into two or more beams that recombine and interfere with each other causing the interference fringes. The interferometer basically consists of a light source, a beamsplitter, and two (or more) mirrors to reflect the light. The interference pattern for a Michelson interferometer is circular-- that is, it produces concentric circles of light and dark "fringes". When one mirror on the interferometer is moving, the path difference between the two split beams of light changes, and the interference pattern is seen Interference is a phenomenon that occurs when two photons of light interact with each other in such a way that their waves sum to either increase or decrease their total amplitude. Complete constructive interference occurs when two electromagnetic waves are of the same frequency and in phase; destructive interference occurs when two electromagnetic waves of the same frequency have a phase difference of one-half wavelength. When complete destructive interference occurs, no light can be detected. Similarly, complete constructive interference results in intensity quadrupling (intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude). The following picture demonstrates these effects. Originally, the inventors of the interferometer produced it to measure the speed of light so they could determine the existence of ether. Since then it has been important in measuring the wavelengths of light, using the wavelengths of light to measure very small distances (up to 0.5 microns), to measure extremely small times (up to 1x10-15 seconds), and to study optical media. Albert A. Michelson (1852-1931) The Michelson interferometer was invented by American Physicist Albert A. Michelson in 1887. Michelson was born in Strzelno (Poland) in 1852 and moved to American in 1855. When he was 17, he joined the United States Naval Academy in Anapolis, Maryland where he excelled in science subjects. Michelson later became a science instructor at the academy, but moved on to become a professor of physics at several universities. During the years of 1923-1927, he was president of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1907, he was the first American to be awarded the Physics Nobel Prize for his many efforts in optics. Michelson began experimenting with the interferometer in April of 1887. He came up with a system of mirrors and semi-transparent mirrors (or beamsplitters) for merging separated beams of light, which are coming from the same source. The system was set up so that the beam of light was split in two, sending each split perpendicular to each other, and then merging back so they â€Å"interfered† with each other.

Family Violence

1. What is the general in the particular with regards to abuse in this article? The article shows statistically that if you are male and have been a victim of violence or family violence you have a higher risk of becoming an abuser compared to someone who has not been victimized. And those family violence victims have a higher incidence of developing mental health issues and personality disorders, abuse drugs or alcohol, or have been abandoned as children.2. What is the strange in the familiar? The article shows how witnessing or being victimized by violence as a child or adolescent changed the perception of these offenders thinking and patterns of acceptable behaviors which made violence against another person to be acceptable practice.3. What might this article add to understanding global offenders? I think that it would be interesting to see how the statistics would change once the offenders went through extensive therapy. Would the therapy break or improve the cycle of violence? And by how much?4. What does this issue identify about potential social marginalization? Because these offenders have been victimized themselves they have become the perpetrator as this is what they know to be the norm for them. In times of crisis or change they would do what they know until they know better. Unfortunately the pattern of behavior has changed their view of what is normal behavior and they lack the skills to deal with change or crisis without violence. Thus turning a personal problem into a public issue.5. What does this article identify about potential social crisis? The potential social crisis in this article is that if the pattern of family violence is not broken it will be an inherited personality trait for the children who witness or are victimized by it, leading to more violent crimes and more dysfunction in families.6. After reading this article, what social change do you think needs to be adapted? I personally think and feel that violence of any type needs to be unacceptable in society and that society as a whole should speak out about this issue by providing lots of public awareness and free accessible counseling services to break the cycle of abusive behaviors.7. Who would you most likely speak out for (the offender or society)? I struggle with that decision as I can identify with both sides on one hand it is very sad that the offender had to witness or undergo abuse as a child which ultimately shaped them as adults. But on the other hand it is also horrible that society is at risk based on someone else’s poor choices therefore the cycle of violence continues.8. Apply the structural-functional. social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction theory to this article using each paradigm perspective, describe the issues of offenders. For the structural functional aspect the issues of the offenders would be that they hurt another human therefore they have to pay the price in jail. The social –conflict issue would be poor self-esteem , been abused or witnessed abuse themselves, possible mental health issues related to the abuse, eg. personality disorders and narcissistic personalities traits. The symbolic-interaction issues would be that they were raised in an environment of abuse therefore it is a pattern of behavior they know and are comfortable with and believe it is the norm to behave this way.9. Would this research be of greater interest to a sociologist favoring a structural-functional, social-conflict, or a symbolic-interaction paradigm? A sociologist favoring a symbolic-interaction paradigm because the article focuses on patterns of social interactions in specific settings in a micro level orientation. There is also scientific data to support the theory which would be of interest as well for a sociologist favoring this paradigm.10. Is this study, of male offenders only, guilty of sexism? No I don’t think so they were not comparing males to females they just gathered data from a particular group an d analyzed it based the level on violence that they had witnessed as children and how it affected them as adults. If they had compared the same data from females that would be sexism in my opinion. There is a lot of research and articles available about violence against women but not a lot about the male offenders to get a full view of the big picture it is worthwhile to look at all sides to gain a broader view of where the violence originated from in the first place.